Antigone Iriola Analysis - 1129 Words

A pro-Antigone reader should admire Iriola because both characters have a tendency to create their own paths as opposed to blindly following men. Antigone directly defies Kreon’s decree that bans a proper burial for Polyneices, while Iriola does not join Kelemo on his activist mission. Woods suggests that Kelemo has already fled when the soldiers arrive at the house in Nimke, as they kidnap Iriola to retrieve clues about his location. Although there is no scene that outlines Kelemo’s parting, it appears that Iriola chooses not to join him – an attempt at being her â€Å"own woman† (Woods 24). Antigone also makes a choice – one that costs her her life. Fear does not deter her, however; she is determined to please the gods, as â€Å"Zeus was [not] the†¦show more content†¦It does not appear that Nigerian culture values survivors of domestic assault, as Nneka’s experiences remain secretive. Additionally, Nneka is forced to undergo sexi st traditions of mourning, including shaving her head. Her luscious hair symbolizes her identity in the story, and the regrowth of it represents the prosperous, Okpala-free life she plans on creating. The text supports this idea, as Nneka states, â€Å"I shall regrow my hair. Nurture it and delight in its growth† (Unigwe 80). Nneka strives to overcome sexism in her society and allow her identity as an independent woman to flourish, two themes that are critical to the plotline of Orlando. Conversely, â€Å"The Third and Final Continent† contains subtleties that exhibit the subject matter of Orlando. Although not directly about female empowerment, Mrs. Croft displays characteristics that reveal her strength. At 103-years-old, she has presumably lived without her spouse and other family members for a long period of time. She manages excellently for her age, as she remains able to prepare her food and serve as the home’s landlady. Moreover, Mrs. Croft has a stern personality, prompting the narrator to describe her voice as â€Å"bold and clamorous† from their first conversation (Lahiri 177). She barks orders at her male renters, who have all likely been as submissive as the narrator. Mrs. Croft

Joe Doss s Organizational Level Problems - 1121 Words

Introduction Joe Doss is a bright chemical engineering student that graduated with highest honors in the university and also completed a master degree. He often desires to do research in the lab and does it well. He does his job extremely well that got him promoted to be a supervisor for a newly research team. However, problems arise with his promotion to this new job. There seems to be a lack of attentions to his administrative duties that causes some concerns with his manager. Furthermore, Joe Doss seems to be oblivious of the situation and overlook his manager’s anxieties. Organizational Level Problems The organization did not understand how to cultivate an employee to become an. Also, the organization tense to lose focus on the†¦show more content†¦The supervisor did not have the initiating structure to help employee that just started the position. Furthermore, Joe’s supervisor overloads him with engineering tasks that he does not have time to manage a team. Often time, Joe is busy with his research and does not have time management competency to prioritize his tasks. Individual Level Problems Joe Doss was not an authentic leader. He continues working on his research even after he was promoted to be a supervisor for a newly created team. He does not have task identity defined and also lack the verbal communication skills to help him communicate with his team. In addition, Joe does not have the emotional intelligence to understand what his team needs to perform their tasks. He believes that everyone is autocratic where no guidance is needed because everyone understands their roles in the organization. Another problem with Joe is that he does not have multiple domain of intelligence to expand his talents. His creativity lies in the research and developments area. He lacks the cognitive intelligence to distribute tasks among his team and does not have the big picture to carry out various tasks. Finally, Joe’s problem is that he made all the decision before he was promoted and fail to organize and distribute tasks which led to absenteeis m in his team. Organizational Recommendations The organization that Joe is working for needs to have decentralization where decisions

Reflection in learning and professional development free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Reflecting on Professional Practice. Answer Self-development plan As a prospective community service worker, I had several goals in mind which I wanted to accomplish at the end of the session. Throughout the session, I found the course very relevant and interesting. Through the units, I was able to gain knowledge relevant in handling my duties as a community service worker with ease. I learned and acquired skills that I never had at the beginning of the session. The methods used in learning the skills were very interesting and enabled me acquire skills relevant to my field. Some of the methods of learning used include reading through the learning materials provided by my tutor, watching a TED talk as well as watching videos on You Tube on the subject (Danielson, 2011). My main goals at the beginning of the session were; Acquisition of questioning skills, At the beginning of the session, I set a goal to acquire questioning skills which I was to achieve by week five of the session. Among the questioning skills I was able to acquire is the use of Socratic questions, questioning the various view points and perspectives as well as how to ask questions about the question. Nonetheless, I did not get the concept on how to ask questions that probe the assumptions held by the client. To understand this concept properly, I read more and attend seminars on community service practitioners. Through my further personal studies, I have managed to acquire other essential concepts such as how to use questions about a question. Acquisition of skills on giving and receiving feedback, As a community work I realized I had to give and get feedback from my clients on regular basis. As a result, my goal at the beginning of the session was to acquire skills on giving and receiving feedback. I set out to achieve this goal by the fifth week of the session (Baldwin, 2016). During this period, I was able to learn how to probe assumptions, probing rationale, reasons and evidence. During my studies in this concept, I found difficulties understanding concepts on agreeing with the clients opinion even if it seems wrong. To understand the reason why I should agree with the client, I enrolled for a short course in Community Service Studies. Developing the necessary networks To be an effective community service worker, I had to develop necessary networks hence this was one of my goals. By week ten, I had to be a member of three organizations dealing with community service in Australia. I became a member of the Australian Guidance and Counselling association as well as the Australian Counselling association by week ten of the session. I learned that effective community service entails going out and interacting with relevant organizations with the aim of gaining on field experience. Moreover, through my interaction with the relevant bodies, I was able to study the rules that guide the operations of a community service worker as well as the rules that guide the client-community service worker relationships. Membership to the community service organizations also enabled me to acquire professional training through workshops, conferences, mentoring programs, seminars as well as through professional supervision. Acquiring self-care skills. Community service comes with a lot of stress and burnout (Yang, 2009). To be able to manage this stress, it was within my goals to acquire self-care skills. By week 14, I had acquired self-care skills such as General Adoption Syndrome that helped me handle and manage stress and burnout. I managed to acquire skills on stress management by going through the various stages of the General adaptation syndrome. However, I found it difficult understanding the phase on how to recognize stress (Moon, 2013). To enhance my knowledge in this concept, I have attended seminars of professional community service workers where I was able to learn that in order to recognize stress, one should watch out on their emotional changes. Self-reflection on my clients feedback My clients; one, a victim of home breakdown who is seeking assistance on how to move on with life. I am supposed to help this client find accommodation as well as welfare payment from the Australian government. The second is depressed due to the loss of a husband and as a result is engaged in drug abuse. This client seeks assistance on how to quit drug addiction. The third seeks positive parenting skills having a child who is always biting, hitting, saying no and having tantrums. Using the skills learnt throughout the session, I was able to offer valuable assistance to my clients who managed to come back to give feedback on how effective they found my community service skills to be. Feedback from Clients Client 1 Thank you for the assistance. Through the assistance, I was able to get accommodation as well as furniture for my new apartment. Your skills are excellent and were of good and helped me completely solve my problem. Client 2 Your reference to the Australian Guidance and Counselling Association enabled me get professional assistance that has seen me quit drug addiction. Your questioning skills are excellent. I was able to share out information I thought I would never share with anybody. Nonetheless, you need to improve on your feedback giving skills. Client 3 Through your assistance, my child has adopted positive behaviour. Your guidance saw me allocate more time towards being with my child which has helped improve the relationship between us. Moreover, your reference to other professional bodies such as the Australian Guiding and Counselling Association saw me get assistance that has improved the state of my child. Thank you. From my clients feedback, my community service skills are good. However, there are areas as pointed out by my clients which I need to improve on. I plan to undertake a short course on community service skills to enhance my knowledge in this field. References Baldwin, M. (2016). Social work, critical reflection and the learning organization. Routledge. Danielson, C. (2011). Enhancing professional practice: A framework for teaching. ASCD. Moon, J. A. (2013). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Saleebey, D. (2012). The strengths perspective in social work practice. Pearson Higher Ed. Wesley, P. W., Buysse, V. (2001). Communities of Practice Expanding Professional Roles to Promote Reflection and Shared Inquiry. Topics in early childhood special education, 21(2), 114-123. Yang, S. H. (2009). Using blogs to enhance critical reflection and community of practice. Educational Technology Society, 12(2), 11-21.

United States Antimony Acetate Market Research Report 2017 Essay Example

United States Antimony Acetate Market Research Report 2017 Paper This report studies sales (consumption) of Antimony Acetate in the United States market, focuses on the top players, with sales, price, revenue, and market share for each player, covering Gelest Huachang Antimony Industry Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Haihang Industry Co., Ltd. Hangzhou Dayangchem Co. Ltd. Amadis Chemical Co., Ltd. Gihi Chemicals Co., Limited Leap Labchem Co., Ltd Market Segment by States, covering California Texas New York Florida Illinois Split by product types, with sales, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into Type I Type II Split by applications, this report focuses on sales, market share and growth rate of Antimony Acetate in each application, can be divided into Application 1 Application 2 Report Summary The United States Antimony Acetate Industry 2017 Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Antimony Acetate industry. The report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Antimony Acetate market analysis is provided for the United States markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development status. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Antimony Acetate Market Research Report 2017 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on United States Antimony Acetate Market Research Report 2017 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on United States Antimony Acetate Market Research Report 2017 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and Bill of Materials cost structures are also analyzed. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand Figures, cost, price, revenue and gross margins. The report focuses on the United States major leading industry players providing information such as company profiles, product picture, and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information. Upstream raw materials and equipment and downstream demand analysis are also carried out. The Antimony Acetate industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. Finally, the feasibility of new investment projects are assessed and overall research conclusions offered. Table of Contentsï ¼Å¡ 1 Antimony Acetate Market Overview 2 United States Antimony Acetate Market Competition by Manufacturers 3 United States Antimony Acetate Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Type (2011-2016) 4 United States Antimony Acetate Sales (Volume) by Application (2011-2016) 5 United States Antimony Acetate Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis 6 Antimony Acetate Manufacturing Cost Analysis 7 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 8 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders 9 Market Effect Factors Analysis 10 United States Antimony Acetate Market Forecast (2016-2021) 11 United States Antimony Acetate Market Forecast (2016-2021) The main chapter showed: Antimony Acetate Manufacturing Cost Analysis 6.1 Antimony Acetate Key Raw Materials Analysis 6.1.1 Key Raw Materials 6.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 6.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 6.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 6.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure 6.2.1 Raw Materials 6.2.2 Labor Cost 6.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses 6.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Antimony Acetate 7 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 7.1 Antimony Acetate Industrial Chain Analysis 7.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing 7.3 Raw Materials Sources of Antimony Acetate Major Manufacturers in 2015 7.4 Downstream Buyers 8 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders 8.1 Marketing Channel 8.1.1 Direct Marketing 8.1.2 Indirect Marketing 8.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend 8.2 Market Positioning 8.2.1 Pricing Strategy 8.2.2 Brand Strategy 8.2.3 Target Client 8.3 Distributors/Traders List

Mary Whiton Calkins Essays - American Psychologists,

Mary Whiton Calkins INTRODUCTION Mary Whiton Calkins, is best known for two things: becoming the first woman president of The American Psychological Association and being denied her doctorate from Harvard. However, these two aspects only make up a small portion of what she accomplished in her life. Her entire life was dedicated to her work, especially the development of her Psychology of selves. She founded an early psychology laboratory and invented the paired-associate technique. She passionately dove into the new field of Psychology but also was highly active in the field of Philosophy. She was not deterred by being a woman and used her struggles to gain a voice to speak out against women's oppression. (5) EARLY LIFE Mary Whiton Calkins was born on March 30, 1863 in Buffalo, New York. Her father was Wolcott Calkins and a Presbyterian minister. She was from a close knit family, especially to her mother, and the eldest of five children. In 1880, when she was seventeen, she moved to Newton, Massachusetts where her family built a home that she lived in the rest of her life. Her father, knowing the education that women received, decided to design and supervise Mary's education. This enabled her to enter Smith College in 1882 with advanced standing as a sophomore. However, in 1893, an experience that permanently influenced her thinking and character, was the death of her sister, Maude. The following academic year she stayed home and took private lessons. She reentered Smith College in the fall of 1884 as a senior and graduated with a concentration in classics and philosophy (7). In 1886 her family went to Europe for sixteen months. This is where she broadened her knowledge of the classics. Upon returning to Massachusetts her father arranged an interview for Mary with the President of Wellesley College, a liberal arts college for women that was a few miles from their home. She was offered a position there as a tutor in Greek and began teaching in the fall of 1887. Mary remained in the Greek Department for three years. However, a professor in the Department of Philosophy noticed her talent of teaching. He discussed with Mary the position needed to teach the new field of Psychology, which was still a sub-discipline of Philosophy. Due to the scarcity of women in that area, it made it realistic to see her potential and offer her the position. EDUCATIONAL SETBACKS The only requirement that the professor had, was that Calkins study for one year in a Psychology program. However, she faced two problems meeting this condition. The first, being that there were few psychology departments in 1890. Secondly, getting admitted to these places that did offer the program was highly unlikely since she was a woman. Her first consideration was to study abroad. An instructor at Smith told her that her best chance was to try obtaining private instruction in psychology and philosophy at any of the German universities outside of Zurich (6). However, another instructor told her that would be a good idea if ladies had been allowed the same privileges as men (6). Calkins formally dismissed going to Germany when she received a letter from a woman student attending the University of Gottingen which stated, I wish I might encourage you; but past experience has proved to me the utter uselessness of trying to enlighten the authorities, at least, in our generation. Once Calkins started looking at the United States, she discovered that the University of Michigan, where she would be studying under John Dewey, and Yale, where she would be studying under G.T. Ladd, were promising. However, she received a letter from another woman student that dissuaded her. The letter stated, Personally, I should be immensely glad if you would come. We might be able to get some delightful work together...By the way Prof. Ladd thinks you ought to have some lady with you at the lectures. If there were only one or two other girls who would come to join us, we could get a tremendous amount...(4). She decided against both universities, most likely because they were further away from home that she would like and they did not have a psychological laboratory. However, one of the few universities that did have a

Big Bills Battle essays

Big Bills Battle essays Big Bills Battle Gwynne McCauley November 14, 2001 English 3-W Big Bill Haywood (1869-1928) was one of the most radical, determined, and influential labor leaders of his time. He was sent by his mother to work in the mines at the mere age of nine, and thus started his life-long battle for the rights of miners. Haywood supported and donated his time and effort to many labor groups. Big Bill founded a chapter of the W.F.M (Western Federation of Miners) and later founded the largest union, the I.W.W (Industrial Workers of the World). He endured many hardships that came with his demanding covenant, jail time, death threats, and the continuous battles between the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the workers on strike. Nevertheless, he had a blind ambition to change the world of labor unions, and that he did. Mining was a profession that was very popular in the late 1800s through the middle 1900s. It was a tough job with many serious injuries; little notice was taken of these injuries. Every year hundreds of men lost their lives to the dangerous work of mining. These deaths and injuries were not fussed over in any way; the risk came with the job. There were many who objected to this cold, un-feeling attitude, not to mention the lack of health care or safety precautions. Others took it as a fact and went on, some claimed to have no opinion, hoping that someday an organization would rise up and change the harsh conditions of mining work. The process of ga...

Dream of red chambers (chinese culyures and history ) Coursework

Dream of red chambers (chinese culyures and history ) - Coursework Example Chia Lan’s success was evident but Pao-Yu’s changed attitude towards studies was very curious in nature. This was displayed in his result when he stood seventh and Chia Lan ranked one hundred and thirteenth. After the exam, Pao-Yu disappeared from the gate of the examination hall and his feeling of non-attachment from the worldly duties and affairs and from all materialist attractions diminished. This became more obvious before his departure, he said to Precious Virtue: â€Å"Chieh-chieh, I am going now. You can wait with Tai-tai for the good tidings†.  And to his mother, Madame Wang he said, â€Å"I shall never be able to repay Tai-tais kindness to me but I shall try my best at the Examinations and earn the degree. Perhaps this will make Tai-tai happy and in a way atone for my past unworthiness."   Chia Cheng adhered to the teachings of Confucian canon and governed his life following those teachings. For him the sincerity lies in the mourning and true emotion and not in pompous and expensive ceremonies. Despite all the objections and criticisms, Chia Cheng abandoned the place of mourning and left the arrangement for the rituals on the hand of other people. And the impact the rituals had on the lives and minds of the subject and people around Chia Cheng can be well demonstrated from the sayings of Phoenix, â€Å"Lao Tai-tai was never extravagant in her life†. And also commented, â€Å"I do not understand what Lao-yeh meant about the sincerity of mourning and the teachings of the sages but I know that Lao Tai-tai used to love Nai-nai and myself and was kinder to us than the rest, and that I for one will be ashamed to face her in after ¬ life if her funeral is skimped. So I implore Nai-nai to spare no expense. Lao Tai-tai provided for this herself†. The success of Pao-yu and Chia Lan were also for their relation with Imperial Concubine. Emperor granted pardon to Chia Sheh and Chia Gen by restoring their title and property. The emperor also

Managerial economics and strategic analysis Essay

Managerial economics and strategic analysis - Essay Example Hays (2004) estimates that about 70 % of the sales volume for the Company comes from outside the United States and about 80% of the profits comes from non American countries. Coca cola Company is therefore one of the Companies with most presence in the world, which is attributed to the fact that the soft drink; Coca Cola is widely available globally and has become the world’s favorite soft drink (Hays, 2004). According to Dess (2012), the successful implementation of a Company’s strategy requires effective strategic control. Control is in the form of behavior and how information is used. In order to cater for the interests of the two key players in a Company, that is the shareholders and the managers, a Company must ensure that these interests are aligned (Dess, 2012). This can be achieved through establishing corporate governance. Globally, the soft drink market is dominated by three Companies; the Coca Cola, Cadbury’s Schweppes and Pepsi Cola Companies. Coca Cola laid claim to about 47% of the global market with Pepsi Cola following at 21 % and Schweppes at 8%. In aligning the interests of the Company shareholders and managers, Coca Cola separated the Company separated it’s ownership from its control. This was made possible through the employment of managers to run the Company on behalf of the owners. The company employs the use of incentives intended for its managers to facilitate the achievement of the Company’s goals. The control of governance mechanisms has been successfully achieved through the use of external auditors who check the Company books regularly to ensure that the financial information disclosed by the Managers is accurate and in doing so; protect the owners from financial risks (Dess, 2012). The Company is also subject to external regulatory bodies that check for the quality of their product and control the standards of these products. These bodies ensure that the consumer gets a product that fits their needs

Marketing 4580 International Transportation Essay

Marketing 4580 International Transportation - Essay Example The current office automation systems improve on the limited capabilities of the early year’s soft ware packages. As technology improves further, managers and other members of staff analyze issues that have traditionally been solved by specially designed computer programs. Hence, the classic issue of transportation cost minimization at a minimum transportation cost is addressed (Murphy & Wood, 2010). Communication systems are another example of information systems that could be utilised. It is obvious that communication is an important component of any organisation (Murphy & Wood, 2010). Hence, communication systems help various organisational stakeholders work together by interacting and sharing information in many different forms. With regard to logistics, the importance of well-defined and well-executed communication systems was most appreciated by companies that use or provide airfreight services after the events of 9/11 terrorist attack (Murphy & Wood, 2010). As such, communication systems played a crucial role for airfreight providers. With current advancement in telecommunication technology, new technology is replacing old methods of communication. Case in point, wireless communication is the new yardstick that is replacing the honoured Electronic data interchange (EDI) (Murphy & Wood, 2010). On the other hand, the most commonly used type of wireless system, the global po sitioning systems (GPS), has become quite valuable to the transportation component of logistics due to high fuel costs and the relentless pressure to improve efficiency and productivity. These issues have since been resolved by the GPS system (Murphy & Wood, 2010). Other important systems are the Management Information System (MIS) and Executive Information System (EIS). These systems convert data into information. This information monitors the performance and the management structure in an organization. In this

Evidence and Theories of Supermassive Black Holes

Evidence and Theories of Supermassive Black Holes Supermassive Black Holes are at the centres of galaxies: The evidence for their existence and the theories for their formation and effect on the evolution of galaxies. Supermassive Black Holes are an area of astronomy that have been significantly studied and with thanks to the advance in technology, scientists have managed to better understand how they are formed and the impact they have on the evolution of galaxies. It is first wise to look at the definition of what a black hole is compared to a Supermassive Black Holes. NASAs World Book (2004) defines a black hole as a region of space whose gravitational force is so strong that nothing can escape from it. Scientists believe that a Supermassive Black Hole have the same characteristics as a black hole, with the main difference being, as the name Supermassive suggests, the size of the black hole. Many astronomers and scientists believe that a Supermassive Black Hole is the largest variety of black hole within a galaxy. What most have also believed is that as well as being the largest type of black hole, these Supermassive Black Holes can be found at the centre of galaxies. This essay will therefore look at the evidence for the existence of these Supermassive Black Holes, as well as theories for their formation and the effect they have on the evolution of galaxies. Firstly we should look at the evidence that suggests these Supermassive Black Holes exist at the centre of galaxies. Astronomers and scientists at first found it difficult to prove that black holes do exist in our galaxies. In 1916, Albert Einstein, one of the most well known physicists created his General Relativity theory. Although his theory was first published in 1916, it could be seen to indicate there could be objects in space in which his theory applies to. The theory of Einstein would suggest that there could be an object that alters both space and time, so much so that not even light can escape from it. This is what many modern scientists believe that a black hole is. Many scientists believe that the gravitational force that comes from these black holes is far too strong for anything to escape its pull, including light, which would then explain how these black holes appear invisible. To help prove the existence of this invisible force therefore, Theodore P. Snow (1991, p.514 ) suggests that the best chance of detecting a black holeis to look for an invisible object whose mass is too great to be anything else. Scientists have therefore looked at the movement of stars around this invisible object in several different galaxies, and thanks to these measurements in 1914 the Hubble Space Telescope (2003,p.198) managed to determine the mass of the object to be several million times the size of the sun was present in the stars orbit. Scientists and astronomers believe that the only object that could have this effect on the stars orbit and have as high a mass would have to be a Supermassive Black Hole. The Telegraph in December 2008, reported that a group of scientists had spent the last 16 years studying whether there was a Supermassive Black Hole at the centre of our galaxy, in the Milky Way. As before they studied the stars orbit circling the invisible object and found that the mass seems to be about four millions times the size of the sun. This would therefo re suggest that Supermassive Black Holes are at the centre of galaxies, including our own. Astronomers and Scientists therefore believe that if you measure the mass of a dark object and that it has a high mass in a small area of space it is most probably a Supermassive Black Hole. Once scientists and astronomers had seemed to provide substantial evidence to the existence of these Supermassive Black Holes, they did not stop their research in this area. Many sceptics believed that if these objects existed in our galaxy how did they appear? Thus scientists and astronomers continued to research Supermassive Black Holes and how they have been formed. Kuhn and Koupelis (2001, p.496) state that astronomers predicted the existence of black holes in the 1930s when they realized that a stars mass may cause it to collapse beyond neutron degeneracy. This is an explanation for how black holes are formed, however the majority of astronomers and scientists believe there could be more than one explanation for how Supermassive Black Holes are formed. One model that scientists believe could explain the formation of these objects in our galaxy is looking at the early years of the stars. This model looks at how the first stars were formed without a suitable make-up which could ha ve resulted in them leaving behind what is known as black hole seeds. The idea that black holes have been formed by these seeds has been studied in recent years with Volonteri, Haardt Madau (2003) believed that these black holes may have stemmed from seeds of the early stars, meaning Supermassive Black Holes could be millions of years old, which could explain how they are at the centre of our galaxies. Another model that looks to describe the formation of these Supermassive Black Holes is the idea that they are in fact formed due to the collapse of a large gas clouds. These large gas clouds would collapse into a rotating neutron star of an extremely high mass, this star would be unstable due it not containing the correct electron make-up and instead of a supernova explosion it would result in a Supermassive Black Hole as being its only remaining by-product. Haehnelt Rees (1993) studied this idea that the Supermassive Black Holes were formed due to the collapse of large gas clouds and have suggested that this model helps give a more modern understanding of how black holes are formed. Another model which has been suggested by a minority of researchers is the idea that Supermassive Black Holes are a by-product of the beginning of the galaxy, the Big Bang. These scientists believe that after the Big Bang, the pressure of the newly formed galaxy would be extremely high, so much so, that it could have resulted in areas of high density that would have formed black holes. They suggest that many of these black holes would not have lasted a long period of time as the galaxy was expanding, however some may still exist to this present day. According to J.PLuminet (1992, p.177) if this is the case, the galaxy would expand around the black hole leaving it and the centre of the galaxy. With researchers now able to provide evidence that Supermassive Black Holes do exist at the centre of our galaxies and being able to give various substantial evidence on the formation of these black holes, astronomers and scientists have also looked to explain how they have an effect on the evolution of galaxies. As we have seen, many researchers believe that there are Supermassive Black Holes at the centre of the galaxies. Researchers believe that roughly ten percent of the black holes contain high levels of ionised gas, which is released in opposite directions of the black hole. This is most likely to be released as kinetic energy. Astronomers believe that this would have an effect on how stars behave and play a vital role in the evolution of galaxies within the universe. For many years astronomers and scientists have been able to find a correlation between the mass of the Supermassive Black Holes and the galaxy it inhabits. In other words, many researchers believe that the size of the black hole does have an effect on the mass of that galaxy. More recently however researchers have managed to acquire some knowledge on how else a Supermassive Black Hole has an impact on its galaxy. Scientists have studied the spin of the black holes, as they believe this could result in the ionised gas being released from the black hole, which would then in turn control the growth of the galaxy it is at the centre of. Another way that these Supermassive Black Holes could have an impact on the evolution of galaxies could be as a result of two black holes colliding. Researchers have recently discovered what will happen when two Supermassive Black Holes collide with one another. The gravitational attraction between the two is believed to upset the stars positions surrounding the galaxies centre, but many researchers did not know whether the two would attract together to form one large supermassive black hole or whether they would repel from one another? Scientists have recently b een able to answer this thanks to a collision that occurred between a large and small black hole. The results of the collision were as expected with the stars surrounding the centre being upset and altered. The question to whether they would form a larger black hole or repel was also answered, as the two became closer they repel and eject the black hole from its galaxy, sending it at high speeds across space surviving on its accretion disk alone. According to Govert Schilling (2002, p.233) many researchers believe that thanks to this phenomenon that took place, they may be able to further explain formation of galaxies and their black holes, with further research and more advances in technology scientists and astronomers will continue to study Supermassive Black Holes. As we have seen from the proposed research put forward by various astronomers and scientists, it seems more than likely that Supermassive Black Holes do exist at the centre of our galaxies. Thanks to the research, they have helped in the understanding on how they exist, as being large invisible objects with an extremely large mass and large gravitational pull that is at the centre of every galaxy. As well as this, astronomers and scientists have also been able to explain how these objects could have formed in our galaxy, by looking at different models which include dying stars being turned into black holes millions of years ago, to models which suggest they are formed due to collapsing dense gas clouds. We have also seen researchers look at the impact such objects have had in our galaxies, and seen suggestions that these Supermassive Black Holes helped to create the way a galaxy looks, such as its stars positions and the galaxies mass. With further research and more advances in techn ology, the future could see more results into this area of astronomy, with researchers looking at a clearer definition to how these Supermassive Black Holes are formed and what effect they have on the evolution of the galaxies they inhabit. References Alleyne ,R. Proof that Albert Einsteins black holes do exist, claim scientists 2008, Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3690822/Proof-that-Albert-Einsteins-black-holes-do-exist-claim-scientists.html Haehnelt M. G., Rees M. J., 1993, MNRAS, 263, 168 Kuhn, K.F, Koupelis, T. (2001) In Quest of the Universe., 3rd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc, London. Livio. M, Noll. K, Stiavelli, M. (2003) A Decade of Hubble Space Telescope Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K Luminet, J.P. (1992) Black Holes Cambridge University Press, New York McClintock, Jeffrey E. Black hole. World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar062594. Schilling, G. (2002) Flash! The Hunt for the Biggest Explosions in the Universe. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom Snow, T.P (1991) The Dynamic Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy, 4th Ed. West Publishing Company, St. Paul Volonteri M., Haardt F., Madau P., 2003, ApJ, 582, 559 Zeilik, M. (2002) Astronomy, The Evolving Universe 9th Edition, PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Craig Jonathan Muir Matriculation: 200804070 1

Busl250 – Mid Semester Notes

BUSL250 – Mid-semester Notes Liabilities * Harm may be caused deliberately or carelessly * One person’s single harmful act to another person (deliberately or carelessly) can give rise to one or more legal liabilities * Legal Liabilities Tortious Liability: harmful act can be a tort (civil wrong), other than breach of contract, remedy is compensation (commenced through litigation) * Vicarious Liability: Liability for harmful act caused by another * Statutory liability: harmful act by breach of statute, prosecution is punishment * Contractual liability: harmful act by breach of contract, remedy is compensation * Criminal liability: harmful act and harmful act is a crime, incurs criminal liability, prosecution for punishment * A harmful act may incur one or more legal liabilities Tortious vs. contractual liability: tortious liability can incur in the absence of contract but contract liability can only incur if a contract exists. * Difference between tortious liability and criminal liability * Consequences of causing harm Tort of trespass * Trespass is actionable per se, which means that there is no need for the plaintiff to prove actual loss or damage in order to commence a civil action against the trespasser. It is, however, necessary to prove that the interference was either intentional or negligent. * Types of trespass You commit the tort of trespass to land if you directly and intentional interference with land in the rightful possession of X without X’s consent of other excuse. Lord Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] 1 QB 479 * * Doesn’t need to be physical trespass of airspace * A tenant in rightful possession of land has the right to sue for trespass, including the right to sue the landlord if the landlord enters the land without permission or lawful excuse. * No trespass to land if there is no attempt to make it clear that you are not welcomed to their land. i. e. mplied permission * You commit the tort o f trespass to goods if you directly and intentionally interfere with goods in the possession of X, without X’s consent or other excuse * Trespass against goods: direct and intentional interference with or use of personal property of another * Conversion: intentionally using/dealing the goods that is inconsistent with the owner or their rightful possession of the good * Dentine: committed when someone either intentionally or careless detains the goods of another. (i. e. carelessly through loosing the good not able to give back when demanded) * Trespass to persons: You commit the tort of battery if you directly, intentionally or negligently cause contact with the body of x without X’s consent. Courts established plaintiff’s not entitled to insist that no one ever touch them, and that a certain minimal level of physical contact is an unavoidable element of daily life. Rixon v Star City Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 265 * You commit a tort of assault if you unlawfully threat en another with imminent physical harm * You commit the tort of false imprisonment if you cause total deprivation of X’s freedom of movement without lawful justification or excuse * Defences * Accident * Consent * Necessity Self defence (usually for trespass to person) * Defence of property (usually for trespass to person) Tort of nuisance * You commit the tort of nuisance if you indirectly interfere (i. e. interfere with no actual physical contact e. g. through noise) with X’s use and enjoyment of private or public land * 2 types * Private nuisance * Public nuisance * Defences: * Consent from plaintiff (expressed or implied) * Statutory legislation * Contributory negligence Tort of defamation * You commit the tort of defamation if you publish to a third party, spoken or written form, a statement about x that would damage the reputation of X.Economic torts * Tort of deceit: a tort committed when one person makes a fraudulent misrepresentation to another * If you tell s omeone the truth then something happens that changes those facts, you must notify persons of that change or you will be charged with misrepresentation * You must know that the information you gave was false to misrepresent * No defence to expect plaintiff to check the information * Tort of passing off: a tort committed when one person misrepresents themselves or their product as having some kind of connection with another person or business.Pacific Dunlop v Hogan. * Tort of intimidation: a tort and/or crime committed when one person threatens to commit an unlawful act to force another to do something against their interest Rookes v Barnard. * Tort of interference with contractual relations: a tort committed when one person knowingly induces another to break a contract with a third party. Lumley v Wagner. *

A Poem for Black Hearts by Amiri Baraka Essay

The poem A Poem for Black Hearts by Amiri Baraka is written in free verse and is consisting of 27 lines which, in a way construct and epitomize an image of Malcolm X. The poem commemorates him and his stature as the â€Å"black god of our time† while subsequently persuading African American men to continue the fight for civil rights. Malcolm’s essence is made fragmented by the speaker for each part of his body is given high significance so as to create an image of a fallen leader who became an icon for all black men. At the same time as the poem is not only for those who have black hearts, as it is also intended to be for Malcolm’s eyes which have the capability to break the â€Å"face of some dumb white man† by challenging his authority. The speaker emphasizes that the poem is also for Malcolm’s words, which were described and symbolically renamed ‘fire darts’ to emulate that his flaming words including the rhetoric of war and were carefully aimed at the enemy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker feels that Malcolm was assassinated, believing that Malcolm was murdered for voicing out his outrage against racism and encouraging the people to conduct political action when it is deemed necessary. In addition, the poem is for Malcolm’s heart, for his love for his fellow black men and his pleas for the African American dignity, life, and education. Finally, the poem is intended to be for all of those people like him [Malcolm] who are dead and all of him remembered which clings to African American political and cultural rhetoric.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker incites that he intended his readers particularly the black men to quit â€Å"stuttering and shuffling†, â€Å"whining and stooping† and to â€Å"look up†. Instead of accepting their defeat, black men should raise their heads with dignity and see Malcolm as their greatest example of African American pride, masculinity, and political activism. In the closing lines, the speaker, challenges the black men to â€Å"let nothing in [them] rest† until Malcolm’s death has taken vengeance. He furthers his promise of retribution by showing his word of honor as that â€Å"if we fail to avenge Malcolm’s death, let us never breathes a pure breath.† At this point, the speaker wanted the black men to look deeper into Malcolm’s eyes, words, heart, and dignity as well as his desire to change the world so that the voices of black men can continue to speak and act within the space Malcolm helped create.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Michael S. Harper’s public elegy entitled Dear John, Dear Coltrane serves as an elegy to a jazz musician and the legacy which he was able to share through his music. The poem mimics the form of Coltrane’s jazz novelty through depicting his image of bodily death. The elegy focuses on the man’s death and the progress of his music from immediate and alive to reproduced and commodified from the time of his permanent absence. The poem undermines the communication that venerates John Coltrane’s music by making it a big issue whether or not there is a possibility that music of a dead person will serve as an aesthetic to the black’s culture. The poem uses bodily and at the same time cultural images of reproduction calls and attention which later leads to the creation and reproduction of jazz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poem focuses on the physical image to bring Coltrane’s jazz to another venue while still squarely within the body. In the line â€Å"Sex fingers toes,† the speaker uses the word sex which may be connoted to have a double meaning. This should be read as both the act and the genitalia to bring into line the body with the sexuality embodied by jazz music. Sex as genitalia can be connected later on through out the poem: â€Å"There is no substitute for pain/genitals gone or going,/seed burned out.† The speaker here shows how genitals failed to connect with the music, with the pain that could have produce both movement and desire. The bodily pain which speaks of slavery can also be seen: â€Å"turn back, and move/ by river through swamps.† The pain of having been slaves, which eventually led to their attempt of escaping through the swamps of the south, is comparable to the pain from which the blues stems. Thus, the poem connects the blues with all of its ties to slavery and a specific African American aesthetic. The end of the poem shows the end of Coltrane’s life and tells the bodily experience of dying which later proved to be too great for Coltrane to produce jazz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the poem, the movement of the music with the help of the radio clearly shows the people’s movement to being slaves towards their freedom. This represents the new route to the people’s ultimate freedom however, that route will always go back to the musician and his music. As it created links between jazz as a mode for liberation, it elegizes the death of a man who created jazz. The poem builds a relationship between Coltrane’s reproductive organs and his creation of jazz. The poem eulogizes the musician himself, not only â€Å"Dear Coltrane† (the music) but also â€Å"Dear John† (the man). Without the man, the figure of the body, even jazz as revolutionary as Coltrane’s remains an empty aesthetic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More so, Wilfred Owen’s Anthem for Doomed Youth, which is connoted to be a modern elegy, maintains the aspects of ancient an elegy which is composed of both personification and lamentation. The author also uses the conventional form of a pastoral elegy rather than adapting the epic form in writing his poem. Owen also describes that the prayers and church bells as â€Å"mockeries† and directly imply that no matter how grand, immortalizing or well attended a funeral ceremony is this will not be able, in any way, to bring back the dead. This opposes the former known form of elegy which is called the pastoral elegy, which attempts to immortalize the dead, either through words or through divine imagery. The audience cannot be consoled with merely the hope of immortalization and bringing back the dead on some distant plane of human thought. Rather than to personify the nature of mourn the deceased, Owen uses the sound of falling shells to create an image of sorrow. These shells are causing death, so it is strange that they should mourn for the dead as well. Owen personifies machines in the course of the poem instead, and these machines cannot alleviate grief since they are the ones which caused it. The speaker in the poem implies no difference between weapon and life because neither among the mentioned can mourn the dead for us. The words used in the course of the poem is different from the other elegies in different types since it uses more of the most known and colloquial forms to better emulate the feeling of sorrow and lamentation. With this, a new meaning in showing grief was reshaped and was alleviated from the former connotation of such. Gendered elegy American History written by Michael Harper is a short yet dramatic kind of elegy that speaks about the fate of four black little girls who died in a church in Alabama. Through them, the author is reminded of the fate of a hundred more others who are keeping their selves away from the real world in the fear of being caught dead without giving their untimely death any justification. Most of them, according to the author, are in strict hiding and is always operating in groups. This situation was enlivened even if there are only nine lines composing the entire poem; the meaning that the author would want to speak about is clearly spoken. With only that number of lines, the author was not deprived of the freedom to express his thoughts and his genuine intention in writing the said piece. This poem would also want to mimic the situation of the blacks then in the United States where it is vocal on the oppression and inhumane treatment being accorded to them because of their color and race. It does not show much lamentation and sorrow due to the lost of the four black girls but the more visible meaning of it is the fear of other black people to be caught in the same incident as that of the little girls. Meanwhile, modern elegy transforms grief in a new way of interpreting it. It has reshaped personification that is free form writing style, the awareness of the inability to immortalize any person who has been dead and blatant refusal to mourn shows how difficult coping with sorrow over the loss of a loved one can be. This illuminates the intention being shed away by the traditional form of elegy which mimics the scream of anger and denial towards grief over a loss of a person and that acceptance of the said irreversible loss. This kind of elegy is something that transforms the vision of the audience from being sorrowful to somehow a better feeling and acceptance over the lost of someone whom they love the most. This is because of the choice of words that was used in order to come up with the entire poem. Work Cited O’CLAIR;, JAHAN. The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry. New York: W.W. Norton, 2003.   

HHHHH essays

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Mc Phail v Doulton (1970)

Mc Phail v Doulton (1970) Free Online Research Papers Q ) ‘It seems to be as plain as can be that if all the objects are not ascertainable, then to distribute amongst the known object is to take a narrower class than the settler has directed and so to conflict with his intention.’ (Lord Guest (dissenting) in Mc Phail v Doulton (1970)). Discuss. As stated in question the statement is a dissenting view of Lord Guest in Mc Phail v Doulton (1970). For better understanding, it would be convenient to break the statements into parts. First, ‘If all the objects are not ascertainable’. This entails that all the objects of the trust to be identified or specified by the settler Broadway Cottages. Second, â€Å"to distribute among the known objects† means â€Å"any given postulant test† or â€Å"is or is not test† as in Gulbenkian. Third, â€Å"is to take a narrower class† it is a view of the judge which needs discussion to see whether â€Å"is or is not test† conflicts with the directed intention of the settler or not. Proceeding accordingly, the first thing to consider is certainty of objects. For certainty of objects to subsist, a settler must give conceptually certain class to trustee. Previously, in fixed trust and discretionary trust it was necessary to identify all the members of the stipulated class of settler for the valid execution of the trust. This was known as complete list test as settled in I.R.C v. Broadway Cottages (1955). Jenkins LJ in Court of Appeal in Broadway regarded this test as contrary to common sense with regard to discretionary trust. Moreover, the dissenting judges Hodson LJ and Guest LJ in McPhail regarded it as absurd and contrary to public interest and held that it should to be changed by statue respectively. The reason that the dissenting judges had ambivalence regarding Broadway test was concept of duty. They held that if objects are not ascertainable the court could not control and execute that trust because if trustees fail to exercise their discretion, the court could not direct an equal distribution among the beneficiaries because to execute a discretionary trust application of complete list test was necessary. Lord Wilberforce in McPhail demolished the complete list argument. He emphasized that the purpose of the discretionary trust is to appoint trustee to distribute property fairly among beneficiaries. He insisted the application of equal distribution as illogical because it would produce a result beneficial to none in case of big class in discretionary trust. Equal distribution is not the motive behind the discretionary trust. Equal distributions are matters used in family matters and not elsewhere. Lord Wilberforce is giving more flexibility to court. In addition, discretionary trust is meant to distinguish deserving from undeserving. You do not need equal division in discretionary trusts. This is because, as oppose to fix trusts, in discretionary no one has the right to entitlement to trust property. Therefore, you also do not need to know everyone in the class for a valid execution of the trust. Only those beneficiaries are given share which trustee chooses among the class. The second thing to consider in this essay is â€Å"is or is not test.† The court of first instance in McPhail construed the provisions in as Power. They concluded that the words were fluffy which entailed no obligation on trustee thus power. Goff J used Gestetner rule, while applying the wider interpretation of Lord Denning of court of appeal in Gulbenkian. The rule validates power if any individual comes within the class. Court of Appeal in McPhail accepted the fact that the arguments found in favor of interpreting the provisions as a trust or power were of equal standing. Since, at that time, discretionary test used to apply complete list test of Broadway, it would have meant that the trust would fail of evidential uncertainty therefore court of appeal construed it as power. Notwithstanding, Lord Harman in court of appeal criticized the merits of Broadway rule in discretionary trust on policy grounds. His stance was that saying the provisions were trust or power sho uld not invalidate the deed in either case and that invalidity of a discretionary trust by not being able to make a complete is just absurd and embarrassing. While the case was in court of appeal, House of Lords in ReGulbenkians had reestablished the narrower approach of â€Å"is or is not† test. Test required that if it is applied to any random person, it would be possible to say of every person, with certainty, whether he falls in the class of defined objects or not. This test entailed that without actually surveying, on paper you can say for sure that using that particular test would give a certain result. With this interpretation in hand, court of appeal in McPhail regarded the provisions as amounting to power and ordered resubmission of the case to the chancery division to check on evidence whether the provisions fulfill the narrower interpretation of Gestetner test. Tendency of courts had become more inclined towards not using complete list test for discretionary test. This was an unnecessary hurdle towards the validity of discretionary trusts. Broadway requirement was rendering many trusts as not valid. This rule was as old as nineteenth century where courts had established in several cases that where trustees failed to carry out a trust, the court would simply order an equal distribution Kemp v Kemp(1801), Brown v Higgs(1800). The decision In I.R.C v Broadway Cottages had led to series of cases where discretionary trusts in favor employees, ex-employees, dependants, etc. were brought before courts to check there validity. Re Sayer Trust (1957), Re Eden (1957), Re Hain’s Settlement (1961), Re Saxone Shoe Co. Ltd’s Trust Deed (1962) and Re Leek (1969). In these cases if courts decided that income or capital of trust fund were subject to discretionary than all its objects had to be ascertainable following Broadway otherwise in cases of mere power it would be valid if it met the test laid down in Re Gestetner(1953). More problems emerged with time to time. It was impractical to expect a complete list in cases of big class. Lord Reid in Gulbenkian and Lord Wilberforce in McPhail stipulated that sometimes the class is so big, notwithstanding conceptually certain, it is simply administratively unworkable to carry out a trust by making a complete list. It was felt that just because you do not have enough evidence to locate all beneficiaries it would be unfair to reject a trust. Similarly, a strong desire had emerged to allow trustees to execute a trust and not defeat a trust on mere technicality or ,as later decided, on the basis of peradventure(chance, doubt or evidential uncertainty) Re Hays Settlements(1982). It had a few benefits such as you can at least benefit some people where as in complete list trust, even if one person is not found(certain) than no one would get the benefit. This would in turn waste the time of settlor and wastage of purpose of transferring the property in the name of trustee and wastage of lots of money used to create a trust. House of Lords took notice of all the detriments brought by complete list test in the field of discretionary test and brought an important change in the English law of trust. House of Lords in McPhail brought an end to rule in I.R.C v Broadway Cottages (1955) (complete list test in discretionary trust). House of Lords in McPhail felt that, as power is almost practically same and closest to discretionary trust so court decided to apply the test used in power to discretionary trusts from now onwards. The difference was just of enforceability not of kind. They imported narrower approach of â€Å"is or not† test as laid down by Lord Upjohn in ReGulbenkians. The premise of this change was that if the trustee’s job is X than court would not diverge from that and would do the same job X to carry out the trust if in case trustees fail to execute a trust. Court would not do anything different from the powers conferred on to trustees. This stance was in compliance to very old cases Moseley v Moseley (1673), Clarke v Turner (1694), Warburton v Warburton (1702), Harding v Glyn (1739), Richardson v Chapman (1760). In these cases, chancery judges a ssumed free legal authority to exercise the discretions which settlor conferred on trustees. Although all the judges in McPhail agreed that, it was a discretionary trust. However, two of the judges Lord Hodson and Lord Guest who had previously supported Broadway rule in Gulbenkian were still in favor of this rule in McPhail and insisted to apply complete list test. This inevitably meant that trust would fail due to evidential uncertainty but they still gave strong dissenting judgments. As already mentioned in question Lord Guest iterated that it would be opposite to settlor’s intentions if we do not allow complete list test and follow the narrower interpretation of â€Å"is or is not† test. In response to practical approach laid down by Lord Wilberforce for ruling out Broadway, dissenting judges raised the argument that practical expediency should not be dictating questions of law. They held that trustees should consider everyone, whether he deserves or not. Therefore, to secure a right to be considered a complete list test still desirable. Moreover, com plete list test gives more certainty. Lord Wilberforce in response to this emphasized that ascertaining all complete list of defined group is costly. He accentuated to conduct reasonable enquires and ascertain group reasonably as it is not sensible or good thing to ascertain everyone as it is costly too. This was similar to imposing a duty to survey as in Re Gestetner and encouraging trustee not to just stop in ascertaining class by just finding one person who falls within that class. If trustees had to defray more to ascertain objects of the class then the original trusts fund, it would simply be odd to carry out that trust. Further, he articulated that if trustees refuse to execute trust, court could have methods to implement the intentions of the trustees in the best possible way. It could appoint new trustees, force present trustees, in extreme cases courts itself could do it or can appoint committee from the representatives of the class of beneficiaries. To say that the application of narrower approach of is or is not test conflicts with the intention of the settlor is not appropriate. In fixed trust, where complete list test is still used, beneficiary’s can come to court and then court can distribute equally. For equal distribution, you need exact list. Equity is equality. Trustees have limited choice in terms of distribution. Only equal distribution is allowed. If here trustee do any kind of discrepancy then it can be validly argued that trustees are diverging from the intention of the settlor. Whereas in the case of discretionary test settlor, himself, gives trustee the power to distribute among anyone he like from the people who fall in the class. Therefore, in case of discretionary trust settlor gives his submission to the conscience of the trustee to execute the trust fairly. Settlor has no authority to question how the trust was carried out except for the fact that trusts fund was distributed within the stipula ted class of beneficiaries. House of Lords sent this case back to chancery division to determine the validity of the provisions under the narrower approach of is or is not test. Brightman J in chancery division regarded the provisions as certain and then the case went up to court of appeal as ReBaidens No.2 where three judges gave different interpretations to is or is not test. Sachs LJ clearly distinguished conceptual and evidential certainty. He said that evidential uncertainty could never fail a trust; if you could just locate just one person, the trust would be valid. Megaw LJ stated that if you know or discovered substantial number of beneficiaries who fall in the class than the class is certain. The problem is the word â€Å"substantial.† Judge said it is a matter of common sense. Substantial and few are just a matter of degree. This interpretation of the test is just like the rejected interpretation of is or is not test in court of appeal in Gulbenkian where the power was held valid if any one or few people fell within the class than trust was valid. Stamp LJ asserted you should be able to say with complete certainty that someone falls in the class or not. Sacks LJ and Megaw LJ say if there are some people, of which you are not sure than even in that scenario the trust is valid. As oppose to this the test for â€Å"Is nor is not test† by Stamp LJ is very stringent. However, it is still to be determined whose interpretation of â€Å"is or is not† test is regarded as good law. Research Papers on Mc Phail v Doulton (1970)Standardized TestingArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Research Process Part OneBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office System

Different branches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Different branches - Essay Example These branches have different roles. The legislative branch has a primary role of making laws. Laws are made, discussed, and voted on by the Congress. In addition, the President’s appointments to various positions such as the Cabinet, Supreme Court, and the federal courts are approved by the Senate implying that this is a role of the legislature. The executive carries out the function of enforcing the laws that have been previously passed by the legislature (U.S. Federal Government, n.d). Here, the President has the sole duty of making laws official. The cabinet advises the President on important matters. The judiciary is mandated with the role of interpreting the laws and applying laws to cases. In addition, the judiciary determines whether a law violates the constitution. The main reason why the U.S government has three branches is to balance power through a system known as a check and balance system. This system ensures that no branch is overpowered and keeps the power in check since no individuals can allocate themselves more power than the constitution provides. A three-branch government was also appropriate with respect to controlling the government as all branches have equal responsibilities (U.S. Federal Government, n.d). The basic concept behind the separation of powers is distributing power among individuals and groups. This was to ensure that no one group or individual had absolute power over others to the point of making individual decisions meant for a country. The system of check and balances ensures that each group has some form of power over the other. Federalism can be said to be a political concept where a territory is governed by two governmental levels. This can be expounded from the U.S context of having the constitution allocating certain powers to both state governments and the central government. Similarly, the state governments have significant power on specific

The Current State of the Wheeler-Lea Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Current State of the Wheeler-Lea Act - Essay Example Still there were some shortcomings, which were corrected by Wheeler Lea act. Congress passed The Wheeler-Lea Act in 1938, a United States federal law, which amended the Federal Trade Commission Act. It gave the FTC the additional responsibility of policing â€Å"deceptive acts or practices in commerce.† In so doing, the FTC tries to protect the public against false or misleading advertising and the misrepresentation of products (Larabee, Robert). So the Federal Trade Commission Act, as modified by the Wheeler-Lea Act, gives new provisions: The Wheeler-Lea Act has not permitted the FTC to control the advertising of self-medication drugs. So there has not been as much improvement in patent medicine advertising as wished. Prescription drugs are policed by the FDA under the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962. Additionally, advertising of restricted medical devices is regulated by the FDA under the Medical Device Amendments of 1976. Most recently, Congress passed a broad reform of the FD&C Act in the Food and Drug Modernization Act (FDAMA), which includes provisions to â€Å"regulate advertising of unapproved uses of approved drugs and devices, and regulate health claims for foods.† There is requirement of prohibition of unfair methods of competition and advertising, in order to protect consumers as well as competition. Many Acts has been passed by U.S government. Wheeler lea Act was a big step in this direction. It regulated advertising, labeling strategies and identification, quality, and fill-of-container for foods and

Environmental regulations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental regulations - Research Paper Example Due to the fact, the following essay explains various regulations that have come of age. Development of standards that guide the proper usage of water has been the work of the department of the pollution control with the assistance of other agencies (Rerks-Ngarm, 2009). The institute together with other agencies provides the item, the pollution center of excellence in an attempt of improving the air situation in the country. Other works include the monitoring of the air and pollution, emission inventories, and air quality teaching as the others were studying in order to work alongside other partners. Another step is the provision of technical expertise for the provision of support for groups working to reduce contaminated soil, as well as water emissions. In addition, the Thailand government prohibits direct emissions of polluted water by manufacturing companies into the environment. Other enactments ensure the limited burning of waste products such as the burning of PVCs is in an open air. Some of the direct legislation includes the conservation and enhancement of the natural environment quality act of 1992. The standard of water quality act that ensures clean waters is a consistent provision to the citizens. The noise and air quality acts of 2007 that limit the extent of noise, as well as air pollution. In addition, there is the quality of soil act of 2004 that ensures the conservation of soil. The department of labor stipulates the working conditions that articulate the holidays, the minimum wage, the severance pay and the supreme working hours. The supreme number of working time is eight hours in a day that sums up to forty-eight hours a week. The enactments are an exception of work that the law defines as hazardous. In such scenarios, the working hours are seven or forty-two hours in a working week. Employees have thirteen holidays in a year. Besides, the employees are entitled to vacations of six days after a whole year of work that has no breaks. The

18th Century English Poetry Essay Example for Free

18th Century English Poetry Essay Eighteenth century poetry consisted of several types of literature including ode, elegy, epistle, verse tale, hymn, song ballad and epigram. This period is frowned upon by critics who compare the context of this era to that of another. They claim Eighteenth century poetry is considered frivolous because often times the content lacked a true essence that poetry upheld for many centuries. Perhaps this is true, for the times of this period were changing and people were facing greater hardships in their daily lives. Melancholy plagued those who were greatly concerned with social ills which may explain the presence of abstract and satiric themes that were heavily prevalent. Perspectives evolved from the Renaissance period into Neoclassicism where individuals became secondary and a greater emphasis on the straight forward mechanics of poetry existed ( Rowles). Although there were many artist noted among this genre of poetry, William Blake established himself as a simple yet dramatic writer who used irony, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve subjects, and traditional ballad structure to baffle the many readers to come( Norton p. 2264). William Blake wrote The Chimney Sweeper of Songs of Innocence in 1789. This poem is about young children who whose families were unable to care for them financially, therefore sent to work in English mines during the 18th century. These boys were often sold to master sweepers and in turn were treated inhumanely ( Arp and Johnson p.117). Blake took this harsh treatment of human life to reveal serous social criticism of his European society. Their heads were shaved bare to prevent black soot from soiling their hair and often suffered from serious diseases. Now, one can understand why Blakes work was frowned upon by aristocracies and often viewed as insane as he strongly disapproved and openly dissented the social welfare programs in his country (Norton p.2268). There is no identifiable audience except for those that hear the third line of the first stanza, weep! weep! weep! weep! in the streets of England. This is interpreted as a childs attempt to sing Sweep! Sweep!, which was the chimney sweepers street cry. There are two ideas which evolve throughout the Chimney Sweeper. Depending on ones outlook, the first possibility is that Blake is stating no matter how detrimental life becomes, no matter how bad the church (government/law) is; one will be with God after death. Sadly children are celebrating the morality of this concept. The idea is if these children continue to work hard, eventually life will resume in the peaceful heavens. This is revealed through a dream the little boy had when, an Angel who had a bright keyopened the coffins and set them all free. The last stanza completes this thought by stating, Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm, so if all do their duty they need not fear harm. The other possibility is a negative-toned belief that children are conned into accepting their lives as slaves for adults. Either way, these boys are mocked by their naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve states (Arp 117). Blakes use of dramatic irony is shining bright as he deliberately creates a cheerful sound for six stanzas while simultaneously developing a drastically different meaning. Ironically, this poem shows that children succumb to a positive perspective on life and do not fear death for they are too young to understand the realm of the situation. In the first two lines, Blake gives us an image of a child in a state of agony or even in a state of corruption as he is left all alone with no parents. However, after a night full of merry dreams the boy wakes up feeling happy and warm. This leads the reader to believe life continues with no worries instead of completing the story with a boy whose future is bleak and laborious. Perhaps, although I doubt, Blake would desire the reader to believe that anyone has the ability to be content with a depleted life so long as his/her dreams fulfill that empty space. Blake uses the image of two colors to represent the simplicity of this picture. The color black which holds significant importance as it is used to represent death and corruption. Black is the color of the boys coffins in the little boys dream. The color black is also referenced to the soot which is filth that covers the boys as they perform their daily chores. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the color white represents purity and angelic-like spirit. The eighth line, Toms hair is white before his head is shaved. At this point, Tom is compared to feeble lamb, a symbol of the ultimate sacrificial animal, as he cries when his head becomes bare. And similar to biblical stories, Tom is naked and white when the angels carry him off to heaven where God will be his father. Blake creates an allusion by giving the reader a peace of mind while using God as a symbol for safety and care (Norton p. 2268). There is no discernible meter for the poem, the beats jump anywhere from eight to twelve, with no repetition or pattern found. The Chimney Sweeper tone sounds very much like a nursery rhyme. Similar to Rock-A-Bye-Baby, the sounds are sweet an innocent, but if you read the words, when the bow break, the cradle will fall the words are quite disturbing. Like the dramatic irony established in this poem, tone presents itself as two-dimensional, sounding soft but actually disheartening. Williams Blake writes an excellent poem in my opinion; he used terms and ideas that we have studied in this course such as irony, symbolism and allusion. Although his language is simple rather than manipulating complicated words that Shakespeare prefers, I find his style easier to evaluate. Please do not get the wrong idea, by easy I mean a better understanding. Old world writers are fascinating, but often times are too difficult to comprehend, much less interpret. Not only did I learn about 18th century poetry, I also gained knowledge of Europe social ills of the time. Woks Cited Arp, Thomas, and Greg Johnson. Sound and Sense: An introduction to Poetry. 10th Ed. Heinle Heinle: Boston, MA, 2002 Hugo, Howard, and Patricia M. Spacks. Revolution and Romanticism in Europe and America. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Maynoard Mack. New York City, NY: W.W. Norton Co. 1997. 2264 2268. Rowles, Kelly. Overview of 18th Century Poetry. New Jersey, 2004. Richard Stockton College of New Jersey. Aug. 2004 http://caxton.stockton.edu/pom/stories/storyReader$6

Fascism Essay -- essays research papers

On the 23 March 1919 after a series of Communist demonstrations, the almost forgotten Mussolini decided to attempt to revive his Fasci movement. A meeting was held in a hall in a Milan and was attended by some fifty malcontents. From this seemingly small and insignificant event the Fascio di Combattimento' (Combat Group) was born. Initially, it would seem that the Fasci were destined for failure with none of their candidates (including Mussolini) winning a single seat in the 1919 elections. How was it that a party with no clear programme, save a belief in action of some sort, became a ruling dictatorship little more than ten years later? By the end of 1919, Mussolini possessed hardly more than 2% of the vote in Milan, less than 5000 votes against 170,000 for the Socialists. Was this a complete disaster? At the time it seemed so; the Socialists were so confident of their success that they staged a mock funeral in Milan stopping outside Mussolini's house to invite him to attend the burial of his party. Incredibly, by 1921 the membership of this previously tiny group was to rival the size of the Socialists. How was this achieved? It was certainly by no easy means; Mussolini's skill and luck played a vital role, but he was also helped by the seemingly blind incompetence of his opponents. Mussolini's path towards the top of Italian Government was hindered by many forms of opposition. However, most of his opposition came from the Government and the rival Socialist (PSI) party. Soon after the summer of 1920 the Fascists and their opposition inevitably clashed. The fact that Gioletti's government was faced with  « million workers sitting in in factories showed that Italy was a far from stable country in 1920. Did an opportunity present itself for Mussolini to gain ground over the Socialist opposition? If it did, Mussolini certainly did not take it. He was still recovering from his party's humiliating election defeat. Eventually the union leaders, evidently surprised by this sudden, spontaneous revolutionary outburst persuaded the workers to give in in return for higher wages. Although initially it would seem that the workers had won, the strikes had sown the seeds of fear amongst Italy's Socialist opposition. The overall effect of this was that many of the opponents of Socialism joined Mussolini's Fascist' party. The Socialist party by... ...ht home the importance of opportunism and action as opposed to inactivity and fixed ideologies. As S. Lee argues, Mussolini was strongly inclined to intuitive behaviour and projected himself as a flexible pragmatist. This allowed him to make full use of the chaotic conditions in Italy, and considerably increased the Fascist party's fortunes. However, we must also consider that to a certain extent, the opposition's continued failures and misjudgments almost pushed Mussolini into power. We must also take account of the fact that Mussolini certainly had his fair share of luck - a prime example is the King's refusal to declare a state of emergency, which would have allowed the army to attack the Fascists. However, it was his ability to act out the role of the Italian people's dream leader that gave him the most success. He played upon the post-war crisis, and made it appear that Fascism was the only way in which socialism would be smashed, and Italy's society and status would be rebuilt. To the Italian people, Mussolini was the great leader they had been desperately searching for - the leader who was going to make Italy a great power, and a respected force in the world.

External marketing environment factors Essay

Marketing assignment on: External marketing environment factors Q1. Identify & Discuss which external marketing environment factors more impact on Ford. Ans1. Ford Motor Company refers to an American multinational enterprise which deals in the manufacturing of the automobiles. Ford has been known for manufacturing cars on a large scale. Ford refers to the second largest manufacturer in case of the automobile sector. Based upon the annual sales figure, Ford has been termed at the fifth largest amongst all across the globe. In order to study the external environment of the same, the five major fact ors such as Political, Economic, Social, Technology & Legal aspects should be kept in mind. One of the external marketing environment factors which would impact more on Ford would be the Technological Factors. In order to attain competitive advantage as compared to the other automobile manufacturers, use of the upgraded technology would play one of the most crucial roles. These days technology is being changing in a blink of an eye. Therefore, Ford must do proper research in order to see what all changes have been made in the same. In case of the automobile industry, innovation would also play a major role. Innovating the existing automobiles would give the old cars an entire new look. Use of internet would also help the organization in order to communicate with the internal as well as the external customers. Internet would also help in order to protect the privacy of the organization. Q2. Product Strategy A) Evaluate products Strategy which can adopt to Ford industry. In order to sustain amongst the competition, Ford industry should keep in mind the following product strategies. This would help in order to redesign or re consider the entire product line of Ford. ? In order to reduce the level of pollution, Ford should try to make eco friendly cars which would help in order to emit less amount of smoke. ? The car so developed should be made out of approximately 85% of recyclables. Eco friendly bio based seats should be incorporated in the same. ? Ford should make commitment with it’s customers that in order to have a broader sustainability all across the globe they shall follow the principle â€Å"reduce, recycle & reuse†. ? Use of renewable along with recyclable material should be used. This would help the organization to go green & help save the planet from the pollutants. ? Use of flexible fuel vehicles, Hybrid technology & Electric Vehicles should be used. This would help in order to reduce the level of emissions in the atmosphere. B) Analyze what kind of impact of Ford on the performances. By adopting the various product strategies mentioned above, Ford would have the following performances over the same. ? With the use of various recyclable materials, the level of emissions would decline. ? People would prefer Ford as compared to any other automobile manufacturer. ? Use of flexible fuel vehicles, Hybrid technology & Electric Vehicles should be used. This would help in order to reduce the level of emissions in the atmosphere. ? Productivity as well as the efficiency or performance of the cars would also be increased. Q3. Strategy Marketing Planning A) Do you think large companies need strategy marketing planning? Yes. Why? Yes, large companies require strategic marketing planning. A strategic market plan refers to a type of plan which would help any organization or a sector regarding the various types of objectives to be taken into consideration in the years to come. One of the major reasons as to why large companies need a strategic marketing plan is that it has been regarded as a well structured guide book which consist of all the relevant points of a marketing plan. The strategic marketing plan would take into consideration a detailed budget, source of media to be used, potential target audience, and channel of distribution to be chosen. The strategic marketing plan would help the organization in order to have an in depth knowledge regarding the automobile industry. This would help Ford in order to have detailed information regarding the marketing strategies to be used & measure its performance as well. This would also help in order to examine or re-examine the objectives to be used at Ford. A well structured strategic marketing plan would help Ford in order to create a difference amongst successful strategies as compared to the failed ones. The strategic marketing plan would also help in order to define the marketing objectives, plans, procedures, goals, vision, target audience in the most cost effective & efficient manner. Hence, it must be noted that Ford should use a well structured & a formal strategic marketing plan which would help the organization in order to have well defined objectives, goals, vision, mission, etc regarding the same. This would help in order to assess the current status of the organization with respect to product, promotional, pricing & distribution strategies. B) Analyze strategy marketing plan on Ford and discuss why Ford’s strategy marketing plan is not working and give solutions for it. By analyzing the current marketing plan on Ford, it can be concluded that the current market share of the same has been declined. It could be stated that the current domestic market share of Ford has been declined by an approximate figure of 5% since 2001. The stock for Ford has also closed at a price of $8. 01in Jan. In order to stabilize its market position, Ford should launch various models of car catering to the small segments. This would help in order grasp demand from the other segments as well. This would also help in order to scant the demand in the years to come. The organization should try to adopt various pricing strategies such as bei8ng cost effective, low cost model which should be priced approximately in the range of $9,000 – $13,000. This would help in order to target the young potential buyers as well. In order to get into them, revitalization of the product line with a new marketing strategy along with the product design should be done. This would help in order to boost up the level of sales & stabilize its position in the market.

Critical Lens

The following quote, â€Å"Sometimes failure is more beneficial than success† is a bold and eccentric statement to make, but it is indeed true. In my view, success is largely dependent on how we fail since it is what breeds learning and new understanding. It is impossible to be perfect in life and not to have committed a single mistake. Obstacles constantly present themselves, challenging and sometimes hindering our ability to overcome them at first. Although it may reveal our weakness, failure undoubtedly builds character and allows us to become what we ideally wish to be. The following works of literatures, The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, demonstrate how failure pushes the protagonists of each individual story and provides a stepping stone toward reaching their goal. In The Alchemist, Santiago falls to several disheartening events, but they enable him to pick himself back up and continue on with the rest of his journey from Andalusia to the pyramids in Egypt. For instance, when Santiago arrives in the market town of Tangier, a thief robs him of his money for his journey, forcing him to seek work at a crystal shop. During his time there, Santiago learns the workings of a business and encourages the merchant to takes risks. These risks eventually pay off and Santiago becomes a rich man in just a year. The true test, however, for Santiago came with the passing of the desert, which is an important symbol in the book. With its harsh conditions and tribal wars, the desert is symbolic of the serious difficulties that await anyone in pursuit of reaching their goal or Personal Legend, but it also serves as an important teacher to Santiago during his journey to the pyramids. More than the desert heat, the desert’s dull and barren state test Santiago, as it diminishes his confidence at times. As Santiago learns, however, he discovers that even the desert contains life and the Soul of the World. Santiago begins to understand his environment and to see the signs of life in what seems to be a wasteland. This prepares him for the greatest test of all: to connect with the desert in an effort to become the wind. In the end, he does succeed, propelling him forward to reach his destination. In Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein becomes consumed by the desire to discover the secret of life and, after several years of research, becomes convinced that he has found it. Equipped with the knowledge, he spends countless months over creating a creature out of old body parts. The symbols of light and fire, which are constantly brought up throughout Victor’s experimentations, represent his knowledge and discovery. Victor experiences several failures, breaking him physically and deteriorating his health, but his determination strengthened. He learned about the errors he was making that caused him to fail, and with this, he finally brings his creation to life one climatic night. When he looks at the monstrosity that he has created, however, the sight horrifies him. In this case, light represents danger, as Victor’s act of creation eventually results in the destruction of everyone dear to him. The characters of Santiago and Victor Frankenstein are two perfect examples as to why failure is needed in order to succeed. From these books, it is shown that success is really the progressive understanding of pre-determined goals, while the very journey is what makes or breaks us. Both Santiago and Victor do face failures in their journeys toward achieving their dream, but without failing, they would have made not learned from their mistakes and gained an experience from it. Although the end result of Victor’s failures worked against him and Santiago’s failures allowed him to lead a life of success, what is most important from these experiences is the lesson learned and knowledge gained. This is what makes Victor and Santiago successful as the end result is not what matters most, but the amount of effort and ability to rise from failure in order to reach one’s goal. Critical Lens According to Seneca, a Roman philosopher, â€Å"The bravest sight in the world is to see a great man struggling against adversity. † In other words, the boldest thing in this world is to see an honorable person fighting against misfortune, and never give up. I agree with this statement because it happens in real life and in literature. A man who goes against tragedy caused by nature, human or himself is considered great and honorable. Two works of literature that illustrate the quote as I have explained it are Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe and Night by Elie Wiesel. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is a good example of this statement because the protagonist, Robinson Crusoe, ensures his survival through storms, enslavement, and twenty-eight year isolation on a desert island. Robinson is both the narrator and protagonist of the novel. The major conflict in this novel is Crusoe shipwrecked alone, forcing him to fend for himself and his basic needs. He lost his only friend, Friday. He struggles between hardships, loneliness in his attempt to survive on a desert island. Crusoe was fighting alone against the force of nature and his own inner fears. Night by Elie Wiesel is a good example of this statement because the protagonist struggles with Nazi persecution and with his own faith in God and in humanity. It is written in first person’s point of view. Fire appears throughout the novel as a symbol of the Nazis’ cruel power comes against humanity. The rising action is Eliezer’s journey through the various concentration camps and the subsequent deterioration of his father and himself. The climax is when his father died. This cause Eliezer’s eternal conflict, he was now alone by himself, struggling to maintain faith in a generous god, silence and cruelty towards other human. In conclusion, it is clear that in both Robinson Crusoe and Night the characters discover â€Å"The bravest sight in the world is to see a great man struggling against adversity. † A great man who fights against misfortune is considered as the bravest sight in the world. Both Robinson and Eliezer experienced misfortune that caused by nature and human. They lost their friend and family members, but they did not give up. They were struggling against it and gain victory at the end. Critical Lens According to J. F. Clarke, â€Å"The bravest of individuals is the one who obeys his or her conscience. † In other words, people are only truly brave when they follow their own sense of goodness instead of following others. This idea is clearly evident in the novels A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks and Of Mice and men by John Steinbeck. The quote is exemplified in both novels by the literary element of theme. In A Walk to Remember, Landon Carter befriends unpopular Jamie Sullivan. In Of Mice and Men, George kills his friend Lennie to spare him from a horrific and painful murder. In A Walk to Remember, Jamie Sullivan is an unpopular, religious girl who gets teased constantly for her beliefs. Popular Landon Carter befriends her, and asks her on a date to the homecoming dance at school. His friends tease him for this, but he knows that Jamie is a genuinely good person, and although his friends think differently, he is doing the right thing. The two develop a relationship. Eventually, Jamie confesses that she has an incurable form of leukemia, and is dying. Landon watches her get more ill, but he stays with her as often as he can, and tries to help in any way he can. After Jamie dies, he looks back and realizes that by following his conscience, his life has changed. The theme love conquers all relates to both the quote and the novel. Landon and Jamie’s love for each other changes both of their lives. Throughout Jamie’s illness, Landon learns a lot about himself and life, and his bravery allows him to do that. In Of Mice and Men, George faces a difficult decision. George’s best friend, Lennie, accidentally kills Curley’s wife, and he leaves the ranch. When Curley, the boss of the ranch’s son, discovers the death of his wife, he puts together a mob and sets out to find Lennie and shoot him in his guts. George knows that this will be very painful and agonizing, and he is not sure what to do. He ultimately decides to kill Lennie himself by shooting him in the back of the head. George meets Lennie by the pool of the Salinas River, and tells him his favorite story, the story of the farm. As soon as Lennie is calm, George shoots him. He knows that killing him this way will be instant and without pain. George feels that he is doing the right thing y sparing his friend of pain. The theme of loyalty and sacrifice relates to the quote and novel. George’s loyalty to his friend forces him to sacrifice him. This takes a lot of courage, but by doing this he is sparing his friend of extreme suffering. People are only truly brave when they follow their own sense of goodness. Landon’s bravery allows him to have a great relatio nship and gain knowledge about life. George’s bravery spares his friend of a painful death. Both novels show that the best form of bravery is when a person follows their conscience. Critical Lens According to Seneca, a Roman philosopher, â€Å"The bravest sight in the world is to see a great man struggling against adversity. † In other words, the boldest thing in this world is to see an honorable person fighting against misfortune, and never give up. I agree with this statement because it happens in real life and in literature. A man who goes against tragedy caused by nature, human or himself is considered great and honorable. Two works of literature that illustrate the quote as I have explained it are Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe and Night by Elie Wiesel. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is a good example of this statement because the protagonist, Robinson Crusoe, ensures his survival through storms, enslavement, and twenty-eight year isolation on a desert island. Robinson is both the narrator and protagonist of the novel. The major conflict in this novel is Crusoe shipwrecked alone, forcing him to fend for himself and his basic needs. He lost his only friend, Friday. He struggles between hardships, loneliness in his attempt to survive on a desert island. Crusoe was fighting alone against the force of nature and his own inner fears. Night by Elie Wiesel is a good example of this statement because the protagonist struggles with Nazi persecution and with his own faith in God and in humanity. It is written in first person’s point of view. Fire appears throughout the novel as a symbol of the Nazis’ cruel power comes against humanity. The rising action is Eliezer’s journey through the various concentration camps and the subsequent deterioration of his father and himself. The climax is when his father died. This cause Eliezer’s eternal conflict, he was now alone by himself, struggling to maintain faith in a generous god, silence and cruelty towards other human. In conclusion, it is clear that in both Robinson Crusoe and Night the characters discover â€Å"The bravest sight in the world is to see a great man struggling against adversity. † A great man who fights against misfortune is considered as the bravest sight in the world. Both Robinson and Eliezer experienced misfortune that caused by nature and human. They lost their friend and family members, but they did not give up. They were struggling against it and gain victory at the end. Critical Lens According to J. F. Clarke, â€Å"The bravest of individuals is the one who obeys his or her conscience. † In other words, people are only truly brave when they follow their own sense of goodness instead of following others. This idea is clearly evident in the novels A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks and Of Mice and men by John Steinbeck. The quote is exemplified in both novels by the literary element of theme. In A Walk to Remember, Landon Carter befriends unpopular Jamie Sullivan. In Of Mice and Men, George kills his friend Lennie to spare him from a horrific and painful murder. In A Walk to Remember, Jamie Sullivan is an unpopular, religious girl who gets teased constantly for her beliefs. Popular Landon Carter befriends her, and asks her on a date to the homecoming dance at school. His friends tease him for this, but he knows that Jamie is a genuinely good person, and although his friends think differently, he is doing the right thing. The two develop a relationship. Eventually, Jamie confesses that she has an incurable form of leukemia, and is dying. Landon watches her get more ill, but he stays with her as often as he can, and tries to help in any way he can. After Jamie dies, he looks back and realizes that by following his conscience, his life has changed. The theme love conquers all relates to both the quote and the novel. Landon and Jamie’s love for each other changes both of their lives. Throughout Jamie’s illness, Landon learns a lot about himself and life, and his bravery allows him to do that. In Of Mice and Men, George faces a difficult decision. George’s best friend, Lennie, accidentally kills Curley’s wife, and he leaves the ranch. When Curley, the boss of the ranch’s son, discovers the death of his wife, he puts together a mob and sets out to find Lennie and shoot him in his guts. George knows that this will be very painful and agonizing, and he is not sure what to do. He ultimately decides to kill Lennie himself by shooting him in the back of the head. George meets Lennie by the pool of the Salinas River, and tells him his favorite story, the story of the farm. As soon as Lennie is calm, George shoots him. He knows that killing him this way will be instant and without pain. George feels that he is doing the right thing y sparing his friend of pain. The theme of loyalty and sacrifice relates to the quote and novel. George’s loyalty to his friend forces him to sacrifice him. This takes a lot of courage, but by doing this he is sparing his friend of extreme suffering. People are only truly brave when they follow their own sense of goodness. Landon’s bravery allows him to have a great relatio nship and gain knowledge about life. George’s bravery spares his friend of a painful death. Both novels show that the best form of bravery is when a person follows their conscience.